Java多线程之CountDownLatch
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· 2021-11-30
这里就JUC包中的CountDownLatch类做相关介绍
概述
JUC包中的CountDownLatch类是一个同步工具类，可实现线程间的通信。其典型方法如下所示
// 创建一个指定计数器值的CountDownLatch实例
public CountDownLatch(int count);
// 当前线程阻塞等待CountDownLatch实例的计数器值为0
public void await() throws InterruptedException;
// 支持超时的阻塞等待; 返回true: CountDownLatch实例的计数器值为0; 返回false: 超时
public boolean await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit);
// CountDownLatch实例的计数器值减1
public void countDown();
基本使用方法也很简单。首先创建一个指定计数器值的CountDownLatch实例，每当其他线程完成任务时就通过countDown方法将计数器值减1。这样当计数器的值为0时，之前由于调用await方法而被阻塞的线程就会结束等待，恢复执行
实践
CountDownLatch的典型应用场景，大体可分为两类：结束信号、开始信号
结束信号
主线程创建、启动N个异步任务，我们期望当这N个任务全部执行完毕结束后，主线程才可以继续往下执行。即将CountDownLatch作为任务的结束信号来使用。示例代码如下所示
public class CountDownLatchTest1 {
@Test
public void test1() throws InterruptedException {
ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
CountDownLatch doneSignal = new CountDownLatch(3);
Arrays.asList("Task 1","Task 2","Task 3")
.stream()
.map( name -> new Task(name, doneSignal) )
.forEach( task -> threadPool.execute(task) );
// 阻塞等待, 直到计数器变为0。即所有任务均完成
doneSignal.await();
System.out.println("所有任务均完成");
}
@AllArgsConstructor
private static class Task implements Runnable{
private String taskName;
private CountDownLatch doneSignal;
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(taskName + " 开始");
// 模拟业务耗时
try{
Thread.sleep( RandomUtils.nextInt(5,9) * 1000 );
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println( "Happen Exception: " + e.getMessage());
}
System.out.println(taskName + " 完成");
// 当前任务完成, 则计数器减一
doneSignal.countDown();
}
}
}
测试结果如下所示，符合预期
开始信号
主线程创建N个异步任务，但这N个任务不能立即开始执行。而需要等待某个共同的前置任务（比如初始化任务）完成后，才允许这N个任务开始执行。即将CountDownLatch作为任务的开始信号来使用。示例代码如下所示
public class CountDownLatchTest2 {
@Test
public void test1() throws InterruptedException {
ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
CountDownLatch startSignal = new CountDownLatch(1);
Arrays.asList("Task 1","Task 2","Task 3")
.stream()
.map( name -> new Task(name, startSignal) )
.forEach( task -> threadPool.execute(task) );
// 执行初始化准备工作
System.out.println("初始化准备工作开始");
// 模拟业务耗时
try{
Thread.sleep( RandomUtils.nextInt(5,9) * 1000 );
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println( "Happen Exception: " + e.getMessage());
}
System.out.println("初始化准备工作结束");
// 初始化准备工作完成, 则计数器减一
startSignal.countDown();
// 主线程等待所有任务执行完毕
try{ Thread.sleep( 20*1000 ); } catch (Exception e) {}
System.out.println("Game Over");
}
@AllArgsConstructor
private static class Task implements Runnable{
private String taskName;
private CountDownLatch startSignal;
@Override
public void run() {
try{
// 阻塞等待, 直到计数器变为0。 即前置任务完成
startSignal.await();
}catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println( "Happen Exception: " + e.getMessage());
}
System.out.println(taskName + " 开始");
// 模拟业务耗时
try{
Thread.sleep( RandomUtils.nextInt(5,9) * 1000 );
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println( "Happen Exception: " + e.getMessage());
}
System.out.println(taskName + " 完成");
}
}
}
测试结果如下所示，符合预期
基本原理
构造器
CountDownLatch类实现过程同样依赖于AQS。在构建CountDownLatch实例过程时，一方面，通过sync变量持有AQS的实现类Sync；另一方面，通过AQS的state字段来存储计数器值
public class CountDownLatch {
private final Sync sync;
public CountDownLatch(int count) {
if (count < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("count < 0");
this.sync = new Sync(count);
}
private static final class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
Sync(int count) {
setState(count);
}
}
}
...
public abstract class AbstractQueuedSynchronizer extends AbstractOwnableSynchronizer implements java.io.Serializable {
private volatile int state;
protected final void setState(int newState) {
state = newState;
}
}
await方法
首先来看CountDownLatch的await方法。其委托sync调用AQS的acquireSharedInterruptibly方法，从方法名也可以看到其是对AQS中共享锁的使用。并根据当前计数器的值是否为0，来判断该线程是继续执行还是应该被阻塞。可以看到事实上AQS只是定义了是否需要阻塞线程的tryAcquireShared方法，具体的规则需要CountDownLatch类来进行实现
public class CountDownLatch {
public void await() throws InterruptedException {
sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(1);
}
private static final class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
// 判断当前计数器值是否为0, 是则返回1; 否则返回-1
protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
return (getState() == 0) ? 1 : -1;
}
}
}
...
public abstract class AbstractQueuedSynchronizer extends AbstractOwnableSynchronizer implements java.io.Serializable {
public final void acquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg) throws InterruptedException {
// 线程被中断则直接抛出异常
if (Thread.interrupted())
throw new InterruptedException();
if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
// 当前计数器不为0, 需进入AQS的队列准备阻塞
doAcquireSharedInterruptibly(arg);
}
// 需要子类去实现
protected int tryAcquireShared(int arg) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
}
当tryAcquireShared方法结果小于0时，即当前计数器不为0时，AQS如何通过doAcquireSharedInterruptibly方法实现阻塞呢？结合相关源码可以看到，首先通过addWaiter方法将当前线程包装为一个node实例，并将其加入AQS队列。在入队过程中需要注意，如果队列为空则其并不是直接将该node实例加入队列。而是先构造一个哨兵节点来入队，然后在enq方法下一轮for循环才将该node实例加入队列
public abstract class AbstractQueuedSynchronizer extends AbstractOwnableSynchronizer implements java.io.Serializable {
private void doAcquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg) throws InterruptedException {
// 将当前线程包装为node，加入AQS队列，并返回该node实例
final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
boolean failed = true;
try {
for (;;) {
// 获取 node 的前驱节点
final Node p = node.predecessor();
if (p == head) {
int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
if (r >= 0) {
setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
p.next = null; // help GC
failed = false;
return;
}
}
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
throw new InterruptedException();
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
// 将当前线程包装为一个node实例
Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
Node pred = tail;
// 队列的尾指针不为空, 说明队列不为空, 则利用尾插法将node入队
if (pred != null) {
node.prev = pred;
if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
pred.next = node;
// 入队完毕, 直接返回该node
return node;
}
}
// 队列为空, 则先构建一个哨兵节点、入队，再将该node入队
enq(node);
return node;
}
private Node enq(final Node node) {
for (;;) {
Node t = tail;
// 队尾指针为空, 则先进行队列的初始化
if (t == null) {
// 构建一个哨兵节点并入队
if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
tail = head;
} else {
// 将node入队
node.prev = t;
if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
t.next = node;
return t;
}
}
}
}
}
然后通过shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire方法修改前驱节点的waitStatus。如果前驱节点的waitStatus字段是初始值0的话，需在第一轮for循环中进入shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire方法时，通过compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL)方法将前驱节点的waitStatus字段修改为Node.SIGNAL(即-1)。这样在开始下一轮for循环时，shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire方法即会返回true。进而执行parkAndCheckInterrupt方法，利用LockSupport.park完成线程阻塞
private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
// 获取前驱节点的waitStatus字段值
int ws = pred.waitStatus;
if (ws == Node.SIGNAL)
return true;
if (ws > 0) {
do {
node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
} while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
pred.next = node;
} else {
compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL);
}
return false;
}
private final boolean parkAndCheckInterrupt() {
LockSupport.park(this);
return Thread.interrupted();
}
countDown方法
CountDownLatch的countDown方法类似。其同样是委托sync调用AQS的releaseShared方法。然后AQS执行tryReleaseShared方法，CountDownLatch类负责实现具体的规则逻辑。如果自减后当前计数器为0，则说明需要唤醒之前通过await方法而被阻塞的线程。然后通过AQS的doReleaseShared方法实现唤醒。具体地，其是从头节点的后继节点开始唤醒。因为前面已经说过，AQS队列的第一个节点(即头节点)只是一个哨兵节点
public class CountDownLatch {
public void countDown() {
sync.releaseShared(1);
}
private static final class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
protected boolean tryReleaseShared(int releases) {
for (;;) {
int c = getState();
if (c == 0)
return false;
int nextc = c-1;
if (compareAndSetState(c, nextc))
return nextc == 0;
}
}
}
}
...
public abstract class AbstractQueuedSynchronizer extends AbstractOwnableSynchronizer implements java.io.Serializable {
public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
doReleaseShared();
return true;
}
return false;
}
// 需要子类去实现
protected boolean tryReleaseShared(int arg) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
private void doReleaseShared() {
for (;;) {
Node h = head;
if (h != null && h != tail) {
int ws = h.waitStatus;
if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
continue; // loop to recheck cases
// 唤醒头节点的后继节点
unparkSuccessor(h);
}
else if (ws == 0 &&
!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
continue; // loop on failed CAS
}
if (h == head) // loop if head changed
break;
}
}
private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
int ws = node.waitStatus;
if (ws < 0)
compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);
Node s = node.next;
if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
s = null;
for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
s = t;
}
if (s != null)
LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
}
}
这里补充说明下，当上文由于调用await方法而被阻塞的线程唤醒后，其会在doAcquireSharedInterruptibly方法的for循环中恢复执行。此时由于tryAcquireShared方法的返回值r大于0满足条件，故其进入setHeadAndPropagate方法。在该方法中，其将自身重新设置为AQS的头节点。并通过doReleaseShared方法继续唤醒它的后继节点。从而实现将AQS队列被阻塞的线程全部唤醒
private void setHeadAndPropagate(Node node, int propagate) {
Node h = head; // Record old head for check below
setHead(node);
if (propagate > 0 || h == null || h.waitStatus < 0 ||
(h = head) == null || h.waitStatus < 0) {
Node s = node.next;
if (s == null || s.isShared())
doReleaseShared();
}
}
Note
CountDownLatch的计数器值只能在创建实例时进行设置，之后不可以对其进行重新设置。换言之，CountDownLatch是一次性的，当其使用完毕后将无法再次利用
参考文献
Java并发编程之美 翟陆续、薛宾田著